
Regional Assessments
GEO 6 Assessment
GEO 6 Assessment
GEO 6 Assessment

Latin America and the Caribbean : Regional Assessment
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GEO 6 Assessment
GEO 6 Assessment
Contact: Pierre Boileau
- Figure 1.1.2 : Shrinking per person land availability in Africa, 1950–2050
- Figure 2.2.1 : Current and potential arable land in Africa - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.3.13 : West African Large Marine Ecosystem boundaries for the Canary, Guinea and Benguela Current LMEs, and reconstructed marine catches by fishing sector for the Gambia (a), Liberia (b) and Namibia (c), respectively representing the LMEs
- Figure 2.4.4 : The bushmeat chain reaction
- Figure 2.5.3 : Basic needs, shelter factors, personal factors and endogenous factors interact in a holistic network to determine health outcomes
- Figure 2.5.4 : Broader context which determines policy effectiveness
- Figure 3.1.6 : Major transport route development
- Figure 3.1.8 : Africa’s energy infrastructure programme
- Figure 3.2.1 : African ecological futures scenarios
- Figure 3.2.2 : Key assumptions of the four scenarios
- Figure 1.1.3b : Rhinoceros horn trafficking
- Figure 2.1.2 : Exposure of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometres or less (PM10) in 1 100 urban areas, 2003–2010
- Figure 2.1.4 : Countries with regular air quality monitoring in all main cities
- Figure 2.2.1 : CAADP country process
- Figure 2.2.3 : Global Hunger Index and irrigation coverage in sub-Saharan African nations, 2011
- Figure 2.2.7 : Land degradation in Africa
- Figure 2.2.8 : Number and share of people without access to electricity, by country, 2012 - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.3.1 : Renewable internal freshwater resources per person in 1 000m3
- Figure 2.3.10 : Africa’s major wetlands
- Figure 2.3.11 : African cities at risk due to sea-level rise
- Figure 2.3.5 : Distribution of dams across Africa
- Figure 2.3.6 : Total water stored in the land annually in Africa, 2003–2012
- Figure 2.3.7 : Annual precipitation over Africa, 2003–2012
- Figure 2.3.8 : Groundwater storage in Africa
- Figure 2.3.9 : Transboundary aquifers and international river and lake basins in Africa
- Figure 2.4.1 : Cropland in Africa - expansion of the area under cultivation is a major threat to biodiversity loss - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.4.2 : Africa’s forests some of the continent’s most important habitats
- Figure 2.4.5 : Correlation between population growth and numbers of vulnerable species
- Figure 2.4.7 : Percentage of the marine areas within national jurisdiction (0–200 nautical miles) covered by protected areas
- Figure 2.5.1 : Global age-standardized environmental deaths, 2012 - View on Environment Live
- Figure 3.1.1 : Ecosystem assets
- Figure 3.1.2 : Projected population increase 2005- 2050
- Figure 3.1.4 : Foreign Direct Investment into Africa
- Figure 3.1.7 : Transboundary water initiatives
- Figure 3.1.9 : Agricultural suitability, 2011-2040
- Box 3.2.1 : Land-use change for the Congo Basin
- Figure 1.1.1 : Change in working age population, 1950–2100
- Figure 1.1.3a : The effect of illegal wildlife trafficking on the black rhinoceros
- Figure 1.1.3c : Number of black rhinos
- Figure 1.1.5 : World domestic extraction by region, 1970–2010 - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.1.3 : Observed and simulated variations in past and projected future annual average temperature over Africa
- Figure 2.2.10 : Per capita food production index
- Figure 2.2.2 : Total fertilizer consumption in Africa, 2002–2012
- Figure 2.2.5 : Africa natural forest area and trend by sub-region, 1990–2015
- Figure 2.2.9 : Progress on MDG 1, Target C to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- Figure 2.3.12 : Aquaculture catch in Africa, 2005–2011
- Figure 2.3.14 : Percentage of the 2012 Global Population that Gained Access to Water Supply
- Figure 2.3.2 : Africa’s access to drinking water, 2005–2012 - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.3.3 : Annual water-level variations in Lake Victoria
- Figure 2.3.4 : Declining water levels in Lake Haromaya, Ethiopia, 1975–2005
- Figure 2.4.3 : Recorded number of rhinos poached in South Africa
- Figure 2.4.6 : Percentage of the marine areas within national jurisdiction (0–200 nautical miles) covered by protected areas for each CBD region
- Figure 2.5.2 : Deaths attributable to the environment, by region and disease group, 2012
- Figure 3.1.5 : Infrastructure investment commitments in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2013
- Contribution of industry to GDP, 1970 - 2008
- The intentions of the various GEGs to which the majority of countries in Africa are party
- Land availability in Africa
- Global Environmental Goals for Land
- Water Global Environmental Goals
- Biodiversity Global Environmental Goals
- The African Union Agenda 2063 Goals
- The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
- Progress towards the SDGs in the Good Neighbours scenario
- Progress towards the SDGs in the Going Global scenario
- Progress towards the SDGs in the All in Together scenario
- Progress toward the SDGs in the Helping Hands scenario
- Specific policy-related AU goals in the Good Neighbours scenario
- Specific policy-related AU goals in the Going Global scenario
- Specific policy-related AU goals in the All In Together scenario
- Specific policy-related AU goals in the Helping Hands scenario
- Table 2.2.1 : Sustainable land management practices
- Table 2.4.1 : Risk status of mammalian and avian livestock breeds
- Table 3.1.1 : Trends in foreign direct investment into Africa, 2000–2015
- Table 3.3.1 : Progress towards the Agenda 2063 aspirations and goals in all four pathways
- Table 3.4.1 : Going Global scenario – challenges/opportunities and responses/leverage
- Table 3.4.2 : Going Global scenario – challenges/opportunities and responses/leverage
- Table 3.4.3 : All In Together scenario – challenges/opportunities and responses/leverage
- Table 3.4.4 : Helping Hands scenario - challenges/opportunities and responses/leverage
- Table 3.4.5 : Suggested policy pathways
- Figure 1.2.1 : Conceptual illustration framing the overarching narrative of the North America assessment
- Figure 2.1.12 : The transformation of the air quality monitoring paradigm
- Figure 2.4.13 : The relationship between overall eutrophic condition, associated eutrophic symptoms and influencing factors
- Figure 2.4.14 : Factors affecting increasing prevalence of harmful algal blooms in freshwater
- Figure 2.5.5 : Pathways of mercury into fish and humans
- Figure 2.6.2 : Pathways of pharmaceuticals in the environment
- Figure 2.6.4 : Nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide released into the atmosphere from a variety of sources fall to the ground as wet or dry acid deposition
- Figure 2.6.7 : Reducing food waste
- Figure 2.7.2 : Arctic amplifying feedbacks
- Figure 2.7.4 : North Atlantic Ocean Circulation
- Figure 2.7.5 : Response of marine mammal species to sea ice loss mediated by their reliance on it for key aspects of their survival
- Figure 2.9.1 : Resource pyramid concept
- Figure 2.9.2 : How gas drilling could affect the environment
- Figure 2.9.4 : The levelized cost of electricity from utility-scale renewable technologies, 2010 and 2014
- Figure 3.2.10 : Energy-from-waste plant diagram
- Figure 3.2.14 : Elements of a sustainable consumption and production system
- Figure 3.2.16 : Outline of a circular economy
- Figure 3.2.17 : Ecosystem services
- Figure 3.2.6 : Yakima Basin Integrated Water Resource Management Plan
- Figure 3.2.8 : Summary of California Emergency Conservation Regulation
- Figure 3.2.9 : Mechanism of osmosis and reverse osmosis
- Figure 3.3.7 : Portland and Multnomah County Climate Action Plan accomplishments
- Figure 4.2.1 : Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (left) and direct air capture and storage
- Figure 4.4.1 : The Sustainable Development Goals
- Figure 4.5.1 : Example of an ecosystem valuation framework
- Figure 2.1.11 : AirNow story map interactive summary of air quality observations at key locations
- Figure 2.1.5a : Annual average tropospheric nitrogen dioxide column in 2005
- Figure 2.1.5a : Annual average tropospheric nitrogen dioxide column in 2005
- Figure 2.1.5b : Annual average tropospheric nitrogen dioxide column in 2011
- Figure 2.1.5b : Annual average tropospheric nitrogen dioxide column in 2011
- Figure 2.1.6a : Canada and the US, annual wet sulphate deposition, 1990
- Figure 2.1.6a : Canada and the US, annual wet sulphate deposition, 1990
- Figure 2.1.6b : Canada and the US, annual wet sulphate deposition, 2012
- Figure 2.1.6b : Canada and the US, annual wet sulphate deposition, 2012
- Figure 2.1.6c : Canada and the US, annual wet nitrate deposition, 1990
- Figure 2.1.6c : Canada and the US, annual wet nitrate deposition, 1990
- Figure 2.1.6d : Canada and the US, annual wet nitrate deposition, 2012
- Figure 2.1.6d : Canada and the US, annual wet nitrate deposition, 2012
- Figure 2.1.7 : US counties that do not attain NAAQS, 2015
- Figure 2.1.7 : US counties that do not attain NAAQS, 2015
- Figure 2.1.8 : EJScreen, national percentile exposure to PM2.5 for Los Angeles
- Figure 2.1.9 : Critical loads of acidity for lakes or upland forest soils across Canada
- Figure 2.1.9 : Critical loads of acidity for lakes or upland forest soils across Canada
- Figure 2.2.4 : North American ecological zones, 2011
- Figure 2.2.4 : North American ecological zones, 2011
- Figure 2.2.5 : North American land cover, 2011
- Figure 2.2.5 : North American land cover, 2011
- Figure 2.2.6 : US land cover, 2011
- Figure 2.2.7 : US land-cover change, 2001–2011
- Figure 2.2.7 : US land-cover change, 2001–2011
- Figure 2.2.8 : US shrubland, grassland, and pasture cover distribution, 2011
- Figure 2.2.8 : US shrubland, grassland, and pasture cover distribution, 2011
- Figure 2.4.12 : Sources of human-mediated nitrogen
- Figure 2.4.12 : Sources of human-mediated nitrogen
- Figure 2.4.15a : Predicted nitrates in shallow, recently recharged water; b Predicted nitrates in deeper groundwater used for drinking water, 2013
- Figure 2.4.15a : Predicted nitrates in shallow, recently recharged water; b Predicted nitrates in deeper groundwater used for drinking water, 2013
- Figure 2.4.16 : Ground water quality trends in the United States
- Figure 2.4.16 : Ground water quality trends in the United States
- Figure 2.4.1a : Canada, total annual precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration, 1971–2000
- Figure 2.4.1a : Canada, total annual precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration, 1971–2000
- Figure 2.4.1b : US, total annual precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration, 1971–2000
- Figure 2.4.1b : US, total annual precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration, 1971–2000
- Figure 2.4.2 : Great Lakes water quality index scores in Canada, 2014
- Figure 2.4.2 : Great Lakes water quality index scores in Canada, 2014
- Figure 2.4.20 : US, extent of private well contamination
- Figure 2.4.20 : US, extent of private well contamination
- Figure 2.4.21 : Water security in North America
- Figure 2.4.21 : Water security in North America
- Figure 2.4.23 : Annual storage loss of US reservoir capacity, 2012
- Figure 2.4.23 : Annual storage loss of US reservoir capacity, 2012
- Figure 2.4.5 : Fracking water use in the US, 2011–2014
- Figure 2.4.5 : Fracking water use in the US, 2011–2014
- Figure 2.4.9 : California’s drought level at the first week of January, 2011-2015
- Figure 2.5.3 : US coastal states at risk of sea-level rise
- Figure 2.5.3 : US coastal states at risk of sea-level rise
- Figure 2.5.8 : North America, harmful algal blooms on the Atlantic and Pacific Coast, 2011
- Figure 2.5.8 : North America, harmful algal blooms on the Atlantic and Pacific Coast, 2011
- Figure 2.6.1 : Pharmaceuticals in surface water, tap water and/or drinking water, 2013
- Figure 2.6.1 : Pharmaceuticals in surface water, tap water and/or drinking water, 2013
- Figure 2.6.3 : Coal ash dam hazard rating map
- Figure 2.6.3 : Coal ash dam hazard rating map
- Figure 2.7.1 : Sea ice extent - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.7.1 : Sea ice extent - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.7.3 : The distribution of permafrost in the Arctic
- Figure 2.7.3 : The distribution of permafrost in the Arctic
- Figure 2.7.6 : Potential shipping routes in the Arctic, (2011-2035) and 2036-2060
- Figure 2.7.6 : Potential shipping routes in the Arctic, (2011-2035) and 2036-2060
- Figure 2.8.1 : An analysis of pressure over North America
- Figure 2.8.1 : An analysis of pressure over North America
- Figure 2.8.2 : North American Drought Monitor, October 2005–2015
- Figure 2.8.2 : North American Drought Monitor, October 2005–2015
- Figure 2.8.3 : Effect of changes in temperature distribution on extremes
- Figure 2.8.4 : Vulnerable New York City
- Figure 2.8.4 : Vulnerable New York City
- Figure 2.8.5 : Mountain Pine Beetle, annual displacement
- Figure 2.8.5 : Mountain Pine Beetle, annual displacement
- Figure 3.2.11 : The Columbia University Superfund Research Programme “NPL Superfund Footprint Site, Population, and Environmental Characteristics” Mapper
- Figure 3.2.11 : The Columbia University Superfund Research Programme “NPL Superfund Footprint Site, Population, and Environmental Characteristics” Mapper
- Figure 3.2.13 : North American shale plays
- Figure 3.2.13 : North American shale plays
- Figure 3.2.15 : Human appropriation of net primary production, excluding effects of human-induced fires
- Figure 3.2.15 : Human appropriation of net primary production, excluding effects of human-induced fires
- Figure 3.2.2 : Distribution of species formally listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA, 2014
- Figure 3.2.2 : Distribution of species formally listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA, 2014
- Figure 3.2.4 : Monarch butterfly fall migration patterns
- Figure 3.2.4 : Monarch butterfly fall migration patterns
- Figure 3.2.7 : State development of numeric criteria for nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, 1998–2016
- Figure 3.2.7 : State development of numeric criteria for nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, 1998–2016
- Figure 3.3.2 : Drone-enabled agricultural intelligence
- Figure 3.3.3 : ERMA web-based mapping application Deepwater Gulf Response
- Figure 3.3.3 : ERMA web-based mapping application Deepwater Gulf Response
- Figure 3.3.4 : Sage Grouse Initiative (SGI) interactive mapping tool
- Figure 3.3.4 : Sage Grouse Initiative (SGI) interactive mapping tool
- Figure 3.3.5 : Canadian Wildland Fire Information System Head fire intensity in Canada, 2015
- Figure 3.3.5 : Canadian Wildland Fire Information System Head fire intensity in Canada, 2015
- Figure 4.1.10a : Canada water shortages and advisories 2015
- Figure 4.1.10a : Canada water shortages and advisories 2015
- Figure 4.1.10b : US states, water shortages likely over the next decade, 2013.
- Figure 4.1.10b : US states, water shortages likely over the next decade, 2013.
- Figure 4.1.3 : North American population density, 2015
- Figure 4.1.3 : North American population density, 2015
- Figure 4.1.4 : Climate change projection for North America
- Figure 4.1.4 : Climate change projection for North America
- Figure 4.1.5 : Projected temperature change by 2071-2099
- Figure 4.1.5 : Projected temperature change by 2071-2099
- Figure 4.1.9 : Growth in solar photovoltaic energy potential,cumulative capacity additions 2012-2020, gigawatts
- Figure 4.1.9 : Growth in solar photovoltaic energy potential,cumulative capacity additions 2012-2020, gigawatts
- Figure 4.1.9 : Growth in solar photovoltaic energy potential,cumulative capacity additions 2012-2020, gigawatts
- Figure 4.3.2 : Sustainable transport projects across the US, 2015
- Figure 4.3.2 : Sustainable transport projects across the US, 2015
- Figure 2.3.1f : Marine mammals in Canada - Resident killer whale
- Figure 2.3.2a : Contaminant trends (parts per million on a logarithmic scale), 1970–2010 - Prince Leopold Island
- Figure 2.3.2b : Contaminant trends (parts per million on a logarithmic scale), 1970–2010 - Arctic Archipelago
- Figure 2.3.2c : Contaminant trends (parts per million on a logarithmic scale), 1970–2010 - St. Lawrence Estuary
- Figure 2.3.2d : Contaminant trends (parts per million on a logarithmic scale), 1970–2010 - Mackenzie River
- Figure 2.3.2e : Contaminant trends (parts per million on a logarithmic scale), 1970–2010 - Bay of Fundy
- Figure 2.3.2f : Contaminant trends (parts per million on a logarithmic scale), 1970–2010 - Strait of Georgia
- Figure 2.3.2g : Contaminant trends (parts per million on a logarithmic scale), 1970–2010 - Lake Ontario
- Figure 2.3.2h : Contaminant trends (parts per million on a logarithmic scale), 1970–2010 - Lake Trout
- Figure 2.3.3 : Plastics ingested by seabirds, 1969–2011
- Figure 2.3.4a : Trends in selected fish species, 1950–2010 - Central coast
- Figure 2.3.4b : Trends in selected fish species, 1950–2010 - Grand Bank
- Figure 2.3.4c : Trends in selected fish species, 1950–2010 - Barkley Sound
- Figure 2.3.4d : Trends in selected fish species, 1950–2010 - Strait of Georgia
- Figure 2.3.4e : Trends in selected fish species, 1950–2010 - Bay of Fundy
- Figure 2.4.10a : Changes in US aquifers, 2003 and 2012 - Central Valley,California
- Figure 2.4.10b : Changes in US aquifers, 2003 and 2012 - Southern High Plains Aquifer
- Figure 2.4.10c : Changes in US aquifers, 2003 and 2012 - Houstan,Texas
- Figure 2.4.10d : Changes in US aquifers, 2003 and 2012 - Alabama
- Figure 2.4.10e : Changes in US aquifers, 2003 and 2012 - Middle-Atlantic States
- Figure 2.4.10f : Changes in US aquifers, 2003 and 2012 - Upper Missouri River basin
- Figure 2.4.11 : Canada, freshwater quality in drainage regions, 2010–2012
- Figure 2.4.17 : Fertilizer use and nitrate concentration in groundwater at recharge, 1940–2004
- Figure 2.4.18 : Frequency of detection of organic wastewater contaminants by general use in US streams, 2002
- Figure 2.4.19 : US, etiology of 885 drinking water-associated illness outbreaks, 1971–2012
- Figure 2.4.22 : Rate of dam removal in the US, 1915-2014
- Figure 2.4.3 : US water withdrawals from all sources, 1950–2010
- Figure 2.4.4 : Canada water withdrawals, 2005, 2007 and 2009
- Figure 2.4.6 : US water consumption by sectors, 2005-2009
- Figure 2.4.7 : US groundwater pumping for public and domestic supply and population, 1950–2005
- Figure 2.4.8 : Comparison of droughts across the continental US (top) and in NOAA’s climate region (bottom), 2000–2015
- Figure 2.4.9 : California’s drought level at the first week of January, 2011-2015
- Figure 2.5.1 : US Coral bleaching, 1980-2011
- Figure 2.5.2 : US, sea-level rise, 1963–2012
- Figure 2.5.4 : Rising CO2 in atmosphere, CO2 in oceans, and pH of seawater
- Figure 2.5.6 : Canada, PCB reductions in harbour seals, 1980–2010
- Figure 2.5.7 : Chesapeake Bay health report card, 1996–2013
- Figure 2.5.9 : Marine litter, proportion of categories on reference beaches
- Figure 2.6.5 : Food loss in the US at consumer and retail levels by food group, 2010
- Figure 2.6.6 : Composting, Canada and provinces, 1994 and 2011
- Figure 2.8.3 : Effect of changes in temperature distribution on extremes
- Figure 2.8.6 : Nonlinear relation between temperature and yields
- Figure 2.8.7 : Food Price Index
- Figure 2.9.3 : Oklahoma, US, earthquakes over time
- Figure 2.9.5 : Bike-sharing programmes in the US, 2007–2014
- Figure 3.1.1 : US national environmental legislation, 1973-2015 (number of Congressional Bills)
- Figure 3.1.2 : Percentages of US Democrats and Republicans reporting that national spending on the environment is “Too Little,” 1974-2012
- Figure 3.2.1 : Trends in proportion of area protected, Canada, 1990-2014
- Figure 3.2.12 : Impact of production tax credit expiration and extension on us annual installed wind capacity
- Figure 3.2.3 : Total area occupied by monarch butterfly colonies at over-wintering sites in Mexico, 1994/1995–2014/2015
- Figure 3.2.5 : Total and average monarch abundance estimates with standard error of the means at 76-187 over-wintering sites, 1997-2015
- Figure 3.3.1 : Sales of fuels subject to BC carbon tax
- Figure 3.3.6 : Inequalities in access to and use of ICT Services
- Figure 4.1.1 : North America’s GDP relative to the world
- Figure 4.1.11 : Growth in chemical production
- Figure 4.1.12 : Publishing activity for selected contaminants of emerging concern, 1950–2013
- Figure 4.1.2 : Canada and the US (combined), ageing population, 1950, 2015 and 2050
- Figure 4.1.6 : Canada’s emission projections in 2020 and 2030 (Mt CO2 eq)
- Figure 4.1.7 : Historic and projected US GHG emissions under Obama Administration targets
- Figure 4.1.8 : Technologies for reducing CO2 emissions
- Figure 4.3.1 : Reducing local carbon emissions in Portland and Multnomah County, 80% below 1990 levels by 2050
- Figure 4.3.3 : Tillage system trends in the Canadian prairies
- Figure 4.3.5 : Annual US Energy Storage Deployments (MW), 2012-2020
- Figure 4.3.6 : US energy consumption by energy source, 2014
- Figure 4.3.7 : US, natural gas production, historical developments and projection, 1990–2030
- Figure 4.5.2 : Trends in the Canadian Index of Wellbeing for Ontario from 1994 - 2010
- Figure 4.5.3 : Genuine Progress Indicator
- Table 1.1.1 : Environmental Issues that have been the focus of sustained policy attention since the 1970s
- Table 1.2.1 : Categories for regional priorities
- Table 2.1.1 : Smart growth principles and associated case studies
- Table 2.2.1 : Land-use trends in Canada and the US (‘000 hectares)
- Table 2.2.2 : US land-cover change in grasslands and shrublands by owner category, 2001–2011
- Table 2.2.3 : US land cover percentages†
- Table 2.3.1 : Species successfully landed in Lake Erie, 2013
- Table 2.4.1 : Summary of water withdrawals and consumption across all major sectors in the US in 2005
- Table 2.4.2 : Nitrogen loads to North American rivers, US 2005; Canada 2005–2009
- Table 3.2.1 : Key features of GHG reduction policy instruments in some Canadian provinces
- Table 3.2.2 : History of Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, 1972 – 2012
- Table 3.2.3 : Examples of ecosystem service-related activities in federal agencies, US
- Table 4.1.1 : Canada and the US, summary of forest fires
- Table 4.1.2 : Area of change in square kilometres and % between the land cover map of 2005 and 2010
- Table 4.3.1 : Energy Content of Wastewater
- Table 4.3.2 : US, renewable energy resource potential
- Table 4.5.1 : Estimates of values of different ecosystems
- Table 4.5.2 : Types of capitals in inclusive wealth and their availability in Canada and US
- Table 4.5.3 : General steps of scenario planning and modes of application in the policy process
- Figure 2.2.1 : Asia and the Pacific, summary of drivers, pressures, state and trends, and impacts on land resources
- Figure 2.3.1 : DPSIR indicators for ecosystems and biota in the Asia and the Pacific region
- Figure 3.1.1 : Asia and the Pacific, progress on development indicators, by country
- Figure 3.2.3 : Viet Nam, improving forest management in Lam Dong Province
- Figure 4.1.1 : Overall direction of scenarios of selected environmental outlooks
- Figure 4.5.1 : Leapfrog development scenarios towards a low-carbon Asia, to 2050 and beyond
- Box 2.3.1 : Projected mean species abundance (MSA), 2030
- Figure 1.1.1 : Asia and the Pacific population density, 2015
- Figure 1.3.1 : Flood waters inundated the provinces of Phra Naknon Si Ayutthaya and Bangkok, Thailand, December 2011 (NASA)
- Figure 1.3.6 : Economic exposure to tropical cyclones in Asia and the Pacific
- Figure 1.3.7 : Physical exposure to tropical cyclones in Asia and the Pacific
- Figure 1.3.8 : Physical exposure to floods in Asia and the Pacific
- Figure 1.3.9 : Physical exposure to drought in Asia Pacific
- Figure 2.1.1 : Global distribution of anthropogenic mercury emissions to the air, 2010
- Figure 2.1.3 : Diesel sulphur limits in Asia and the Pacific and globally
- Figure 2.1.4 : Gasoline sulphur limits in Asia and the Pacific and globally
- Figure 2.2.2 : Asia and the Pacific, increase in human pressure on land resources
- Figure 2.2.3 : Asia and the Pacific, tree cover, 2010
- Figure 2.2.4 : Asia and the Pacific, change in cropland, 2001–2012 - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.3.2 : Severity of coral bleaching Asia and the Pacific and areas of high thermal stress in the Asian and Pacific oceans, 1998–2006
- Figure 2.3.5 : Projected land-use system, 2030
- Figure 2.3.7 : Pacific Ocean managed marine areas, 2015
- Figure 2.4.1 : Asia and the Pacific, total renewable water resources per person, cubic metres per person per year, 2014
- Figure 2.4.2 : Asia and the Pacific, nutrient pollution in river basins in 2015
- Figure 2.5.1 : Asia, most vulnerable deltas
- Figure 2.5.2 : Global, top ten cities ranked by asset exposure (USD billion) to coastal flooding, 2070’s
- Figure 2.5.4 : Deep sea minerals in Pacific
- Figure 2.5.5 : Top ten sources of plastic waste
- Figure 2.5.6 : Reefs at risk from integrated local threats, by area of reef in various sub-regions, square kilometres, 2012a
- Figure 2.6.5 : Disaster waste generated at different locations across the world
- Figure 2.6.6 : Uncontrolled waste disposal worldwide
- Figure 3.2.4 : Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific, disaster risk reduction
- Figure 4.3.1 : Tropical storm tracks such as these have been moving pole-wards in recent decades, as monitored from multiple Earth observation satellites
- Figure 4.5.3 : Cities reporting climate action to the Carbon and Cities Climate Registry, 2014
- Figure 1.1.2 : Annual population growth rate in Asia and the Pacific’s sub-regions, 1961–2014
- Figure 1.1.3 : Asia and the Pacific rural and urban population projection, 2010–2050
- Figure 1.1.4 : Fertility rate in Asia and the Pacific’s sub-regions, 1950–2050
- Figure 1.1.5 : Asia Pacific and world’s age structure, 1950–2050
- Figure 1.1.6 : Human Development Index rankings for Asia and the Pacific countries, 2013
- Figure 1.1.7 : Asia and the Pacific, access to basic services improved drinking water and sanitation - View on Environment Live
- Figure 1.2.1 : The relationship between overall eutrophic condition, associated eutrophic symptoms and influencing factors
- Figure 1.2.10 : Nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide released into the atmosphere from a variety of sources fall to the ground as wet or dry acid deposition - View on Environment Live
- Figure 1.2.11 : North Atlantic Ocean Circulation
- Figure 1.2.12 : Response of marine mammal species to sea ice loss mediated by their reliance on it for key aspects of their survival
- Figure 1.2.13 : Resource pyramid concept
- Figure 1.2.14 : How gas drilling could affect the environment
- Figure 1.2.15 : Energy-from-waste plant diagram - View on Environment Live
- Figure 1.2.16 : Elements of a sustainable consumption and production system - View on Environment Live
- Figure 1.2.2 : Ecosystem services - View on Environment Live
- Figure 1.2.3 : Portland and Multnomah County Climate Action Plan accomplishments
- Figure 1.2.4 : Example of an ecosystem valuation framework
- Figure 1.2.5 : Asia and the Pacific and world, total primary energy supply, petajoules, 1970–2015
- Figure 1.2.6 : Asia and the Pacific, sub-regions and world, total primary energy supply per person in Asia and the Pacific, its sub-regions and globally, gigajoules per person, 1970, 1990 and 2015
- Figure 1.2.7 : Asia and the Pacific, sub-regions and world, energy intensity, megajoules per USD, 1970–2015
- Figure 1.2.8 : Asia and the Pacific, sub-regions and world, energy intensity, megajoules per USD, 1970, 1990 and 2015
- Figure 1.2.9 : Asia and the Pacific, total primary energy supply by energy carriers, Terajoules (1012 joules), 1970–2010
- Figure 1.3.3 : Natural disaster events in Asia Pacific, 1970–2014
- Figure 1.3.4 : Deaths caused by natural disasters in Asia and the Pacific by UNEP Sub-region, 1970-2014 - View on Environment Live
- Figure 1.4.1 : Asia Pacific, population and life expectancy, 1960–2012 3
- Figure 2.1.10 : Trends in atmospheric ozone in Japan, 1990–2010 – TMA is Tokyo Metropolitan Area, NA is Nagoya Area, OKA is Osaka/Kyoto Area and FA is Fukuoka Area
- Figure 2.1.2 : Timeline of fuel quality standard evolution in Asia and the Pacific
- Figure 2.1.5 : Emission of sulphur dioxide and black carbon in selected Asian sub-regions, 1850–2010
- Figure 2.1.6 : Sensitivity of modelled glacier volumes to temperature and precipitation anomalies, 2015–2100
- Figure 2.1.7 : Land temperature anomalies over Asia, 1915–2015
- Figure 2.1.8 : Annual average PM10 concentrations in cities of China, Japan, Republic of Korea and Thailand
- Figure 2.1.9 : Top ranking of PM2.5 for cities in Asia - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.2.5 : Asia and Oceania, trends in Ramsar wetland sites, 1974-2016
- Figure 2.3.3 : Change in carbon dioxide emissions from land-use change and forestry, million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, 1990–2012 - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.3.4 : Asia and the Pacific forest area, 1990 –2015 by sub-region
- Figure 2.3.6 : Red list categories for species in each region in 2015
- Figure 2.5.3 : Pacific island states, economic losses due to tropical cyclones, earthquakes and tsunamis
- Figure 2.5.6 : Reefs at risk from integrated local threats, by area of reef in various sub-regions, square kilometres, 2012b
- Figure 2.6.1 : Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation projections in different regions of the world, tonnes per day, 2010–2100
- Figure 2.6.2 : Municipal solid waste generation projections per person, by region, kilogrammes per person per day, 2010–2100
- Figure 2.6.3 : Composition of municipal solid waste by country and income group
- Figure 2.6.4 : Estimated food loss, by country
- Figure 2.6.7 : Greenhouse gas emissions GHG from the waste sector in Asia Pacific, thousand tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, 1990–2011 - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.6.8 : Greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector of the region’s four biggest emitters, million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, 1990–2012 - View on Environment Live
- Figure 3.1.2a : Asia and the Pacific, carbon dioxide emissions, 1990–2011 - View on Environment Live
- Figure 3.1.2a : Asia and the Pacific, carbon dioxide emissions, 1990–2011 - View on Environment Live
- Figure 3.1.3 : Asia and the Pacific, reduction in ozone-depleting substances, 1990–2013 (ozone-depleting potential-weighted tonnes, ODP tonnes - View on Environment Live
- Figure 3.1.4 : Asia and the Pacific, change in proportion of land covered by forest percentage, 1990-2010
- Figure 3.1.5 : Asia and the Pacific, terrestrial and marine protected areas as a proportion of national territory
- Figure 3.1.6 : Asia and the Pacific, threatened species
- Figure 3.1.7 : Asia and the Pacific, water resource use in different countries, 1990–2015
- Figure 3.1.8 : Asia and the Pacific, proportion of population with access to safe drinking water (bottom) and basic sanitation (top) - View on Environment Live
- Figure 3.1.9 : Asia and the Pacific, proportion of slum population( left) and net change in slum population by 2014 (right)
- Figure 3.2.1 : Thailand, general government expenditure on health and total health expenditure
- Figure 3.2.2 : India, annual growth in installed renewable energy generation capacity, 2007–2015
- Figure 4.2.1 : Global primary energy demand by type in the intended nationally determined contributions scenario
- Figure 4.5.2 : Greenhouse gas reduction scenarios in a low-carbon Asia, 2005–2050, gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per year - View on Environment Live
- Table 1.2.1 : Land-use trends in Canada and the US (‘000 hectares) - View on Environment Live
- Table 1.3.1 : Species successfully landed in Lake Erie, 2013
- Table 1.3.2 : Nitrogen loads to North American rivers, US 2005; Canada 2005–2009
- Table 1.3.3 : History of Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, 1972 – 2012
- Table 1.4.1 : Area of change in square kilometres and % between the land cover map of 2005 and 2010
- Table 2.1.1 : General steps of scenario planning and modes of application in the policy process
- Table 2.2.1 : Asia and the Pacific, sub-regional coverage of land-related state and trends
- Table 2.3.1 : The amount and relative proportion of capture-fishery production in Asia and the Pacific countries
- Table 2.4.1 : Water-related issues faced by countries in the Asia and the Pacific region
- Table 2.5.1 : Asia and the Pacific coastline length (>500 kilometres)
- Table 2.5.2 : Asia and the Pacific change in coastal populations within 100 kilmetres of the coast, 2000-2025
- Table 3.1.1 : Asia and the Pacific, submission status of intended nationally determined contributions, 28 November 2015
- Table 3.1.2 : Asia and the Pacific, status of international agreements related to fisheries
- Table 3.1.3 : Northeast and Southeast Asia, selected existing regional air pollution cooperation frameworks
- Table 3.2.1 : Asia and the Pacific, select list of policies and interventions for sustainable development
- Table 4.4.1 : Review of scenarios for sub-regions
- Table 4.4.2 : Environment-related targets in the SDGs, and Asia and the Pacific issues
Download all Asia and the Pacific Regional assessment tables
- : GEO DPSIR conceptual framework
- : Unprescribed: Drugs in the water cycle
- Figure 1.1.1 : The Circular Economy
- Figure 1.2.1 : Overview and examples of interlinkages between the environment and human health
- Figure 1.2.10 : A model of environment-health interactions in cities
- Figure 1.2.2 : Examples of actions and techniques available to increase adaptive capacity
- Figure 1.2.3 : Biodiversity is the fundament for all life on the planet
- Figure 1.2.4 : Examples of pathways and mediators between natural landscapes and health
- Figure 2.2.1 : Overview of the links between different impacts of climate change from physical effects to impacts on bio-geophysical and anthropic systems and on health
- Figure 2.3.4 : Primary sources of indoor air pollution
- Figure 2.4.4 : Some selected key institutions, instruments, and frameworks for European Biodiversity Policy
- Figure 2.6.8 : Average total phosphorus loads per unit catchment area (kilograms per square kilometer per year) into large lakes and reservoirs in Europe (left) and Central Asia (right)
- Figure 2.7.1 : Humans and marine ecosystems
- Figure 2.8.1 : Soils are at the centre of the critical zone interactions between atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and anthroposphere
- Figure 2.8.2 : Degradative threats affecting European soils
- Figure 4.2.2 : Linking sustainable consumption and production to other global goals
- Figure-L2 2 : An individual’s developmental experiences during the period of plasticity influence risk of obesity and related NCDs on later life exposure to an obesogenic environment
- Figure-L2 22 : Pathways through which humans are exposed to chemicals
- Figure-L2 23 : Global mercury cycling
- Figure-L2 28 : Simplified life-cycle for chemicals contained in products
- Figure-L2 29 : From a linear to a circular economy and sustainable consumption and production
- Figure-L2 30 : Circular economy system diagram.
- Figure-L2 31 : Waste management hierarchy according to the EU Waste Framework Directive.
- Figure-L2 37 : Estimated costs and benefits of restoration projects in different biomes
- Figure-L2 4 : Pathways between microbial biodiversity, human immune system functioning, and disease development
- Figure-L2 40 : Ocean acidification
- Figure-L2 5 : System supply of microbiota from the external environment to the human organ system.
- Figure-L2 8 : Organic farming protects both human and environmental health by reducing much of the pollution associated with conventional production
- Box 2.7.1 : Eutrophication in the Baltic and North Seas:
- Figure 1.2.5 : Concentrations of PM10 in 2013
- Figure 1.2.6 : Proportion of the 2010 population that gained access to sanitation facilities since 2005
- Figure 1.2.9 : Percentage of population being urbanised in each country, 2010
- Figure 2.2.2a : a and b Recent and projected regional trends in temperature and precipitation
- Figure 2.2.4 : Key observed and projected impacts from climate change for the main regions in Europe
- Figure 2.2.5 : Top five adaptation priorities in the pan-European region
- Figure 2.3.1 : Baltic Sea, ship routes and traffic density
- Figure 2.3.3 : Western and Central Europe and South Eastern Europe, annual average PM2.5 values - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.4.1 : Current measure of species richness for mammals, amphibians, and birds in the pan-European region
- Figure 2.4.2 : Current endemic species of mammals, amphibians and birds
- Figure 2.4.3 : Seagrass regression across the Mediterranean Sea
- Figure 2.6.1 : Spatial distribution of annual runoff trends a) Annual mean flow, and b) Summer low flow
- Figure 2.6.4 : Mean annual concentrations of BOD (milligrams per litre) for the year 2010, as measured at the EIONET-Water River monitoring stations for the time period from 1993
- Figure 2.6.5 : Frequency in which severe pollution levels of biochemical oxygen demand occur in different river stretches in Central Asia over the period 2008-2010
- Figure 2.6.6 : Proportion of classified river and lake water bodies in different EU-27 River Basin Districts holding less than good ecological status or potential
- Figure 2.6.7 : Annual diffuse agricultural emissions of nitrogen (in kilograms per hectare) to freshwater in 2009
- Figure 2.7.3 : a) Arctic sea ice extent for January 2016 was 13.53 million square kilometers (5.2 million square miles). The magenta line shows the 1981-2010 median extent for that month. The black cross indicates the geographic North Pole; b) Monthly January ice exten - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.8.4 : Soil biomass productivity of croplands in the EU-27 in 2006
- Figure 2.8.5 : Percentage of change in European population for the period 2001-2011
- Figure 2.8.6 : Sahara dust storms affecting Southern Europe and Turkey Dust storm event of 15 January 2014 over Cyprus and Turkey
- Figure 4.2.10 : Current (2010) and projected (2030) effects of air pollution on life expectancy in the EU
- Figure 4.2.11 : Estimated share of species in grasslands that may not be affected by European nitrogen deposition in 2020 with the Revised Gothenburg Protocol
- Figure 4.2.12 : PM2.5 concentrations in 2050 after implementation of climate and energy policies in the EU needed to meet the 2 degrees target of the UNFCCC and a shift towards low-meat diets
- Figure 4.2.4 : Climate change impacts on river flows and water temperatures in Europe. Projected changes in (a) mean annual discharge, (b) low flows (10th percentile of daily distribution of river flow), and (c) mean water temperatures for the 2031-2060 time period rel
- Figure 4.2.5 : Climate change impacts on (a) mean annual discharge, and (b) low flows in Central Asia for the time period 2041-2070 relative to 1971-2000
- Figure 4.2.6 : Water stress defined as the water withdrawals-to-availability (wta) indicator in the pan-European region in the 2030s
- Figure 4.2.7 : Pan-European region, projected net change in species richness under a BAU scenario, 2030
- Figure 4.2.9 : Pan-European region, projected species richness under an improved policy scenario, 2035
- Figure-L2 11 : Temperature changes (°C) in boreal winter (December, January, February) in the lowermost model soil layer (5.7 meters) for the period 2071–2100 compared to the period 1961–1990
- Figure-L2 12 : Trend in relative sea level at selected European tide-gauge stations, 1970-2012.
- Figure-L2 13 : Southern Europe, sensitivity to desertification index (SDI)
- Figure-L2 18 : No policy scenario minus the actual scenario. The darker the red colour, the larger the air pollution reductions .
- Figure-L2 20 : Expansion, persistence or contraction of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) population in continental Europe .
- Figure-L2 34 : Mean annual nitrates in rivers in Europe Annual mean river nitrate concentration averaged by River Basin Districts of the EU-27 and European Free Trade Association, 2010
- Figure-L2 35 : Map juxtaposing national borders of the 54 countries on international river basins. There are 147 international river basins in the pan-European region, 12 of which are lakes
- Figure-L2 36 : Pan-European seas
- Figure-L2 38 : Oil spills in the North Sea
- Figure-L2 41 : Europe’s regional seas, and fast facts on EU MPA networks
- Figure-L2 43 : Hazardous substances in the marine environment.
- Figure-L2 44 : Soil erosion in Europe, 2010
- Figure-L2 45 : Wind erosion susceptibility in Europe using the index of Land Susceptibility to Wind Erosion (ILSWE) predicted for 36 European countries (at a spatial resolution of 500m)
- Figure-L2 47 : Food production and food trade dynamics
- Figure-L2 48 : Different perspectives on the globalization of lands in 2007 - Eckert IV projections
- Figure-L2 49 : Relative roles played by agricultural commodities versus manufactured ones and services in globalizing lands - Eckert IV projections.
- Figure-L2 7 : Agricultural land as percentage of land area, 2010. - View on Environment Live
- Figure-L2 9 : The concept of greening in the city of Astana
- Figure 1.2.7 : Types of chemicals addressed by policies and plans in the regio
- Figure 1.2.8 : Implications of changes in per-capita food supply for cropland requirements, per capita and million hectares in Southern Europe and Northern Europe
- Figure 2.2.3 : Territorial and consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions in pan-European sub-regions, 1990–2013 - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.3.2 : Emission trends in the ECE region (excluding Canada and the United States of America)
- Figure 2.4.5 : Important Bird Areas (IBA) and Alliance for Zero Extinction sites (AZE) sites fully covered by protected areas in the pan-European region, 1900-2010
- Figure 2.5.1 : Municipal solid waste generated per person, or household waste collected per person, the pan-European region, 2004 and 2012.
- Figure 2.5.2 : Hazardous waste generation for countries in the pan-European region, as reported in the Basel Convention National Reports, 37 countries (others not available) (Basel Convention National Reports 2014; 2013; 2012
- Figure 2.5.3 : Domestic WEEE generation (calculated from EEE trade data) in 50 countries of the pan-European region, 2014.
- Figure 2.6.2 : Impacts of floods in the pan-European region a) economic damage, b) number of disasters, and c) number of affected persons - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.6.3 : Percentage of the population connected to sewage system and wastewater treatment in pan-European regions for the years 2000 and 2010
- Figure 2.7.2 : The mean trophic level of the catch per year for the western (red), central (green) and eastern (blue) Mediterranean; and the Black Sea (orange), 1970–2010
- Figure 2.7.3 : a) Arctic sea ice extent for January 2016 was 13.53 million square kilometers (5.2 million square miles). The magenta line shows the 1981-2010 median extent for that month. The black cross indicates the geographic North Pole; b) Monthly January ice exten - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.7.4 : EU conservation status of listed marine species and habitats, by ecosystem type (number of assessments in brackets), 2007-2012
- Figure 2.7.5 : European Seas, phosphorus and nitrogen loads, 1985–1990 and 2000–2005, kilotonnes per year
- Figure 2.7.6 : Left panel temporal trends of tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) equivalents (micrograms per kilogram of fat). Right panel perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentrations (micrograms per kilogram of formula weight) in common guillemot (Uria aalge) eggs fr
- Figure 2.8.3 : Land take from urban development in the EU at the expense other land use categories, 2000-2006
- Figure 4.1.1 : Factors of human well-being in the OECD’s Better Life Index for Turkey and Sweden
- Figure 4.2.1 : Contrasting projections of domestic material extraction and material footprint in the EU with and without abatement measures - View on Environment Live
- Figure 4.2.3 : Sectoral water withdrawals as computed by the WaterGAP model for the pan-European region for current conditions (2010) and the future under the SSP2 scenario and RCP6.0 climate change conditions
- Figure 4.2.8 : Contribution of options to prevent further biodiversity loss by 2050
- Figure L2 3 : Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the pan-European region
- Figure-L2 1 : Results from functional magnetic resonance imaging, comparing groups living in urban or rural areas show a relationship between current urbanicity and activation of the amygdala, a brain structure regulating negative affect and stress
- Figure-L2 10 : Poverty risk and environmental inequalities
- Figure-L2 14 : Cumulative changes in greenhouse gas emissions in five major pan-European sub-regions by key drivers, 1995–2009 - View on Environment Live
- Figure-L2 15 : Global, the Russian Federation and EU-28 emissions gaps. - View on Environment Live
- Figure-L2 17 : Declining trend of diesel-fuel borne particle emissions from 2007 to 2010 and comparisons between normal urban zones and especially regulated LEZs in Berlin.
- Figure-L2 19 : Grassland butterfly population index for 19 European countries, 1990–2011.
- Figure-L2 21 : Number of brown bears (Ursus arctos) of the wild populations in the Russian Federation and harvesting numbers, 2000–2013.
- Figure-L2 24 : Toxic equivalent concentrations for dioxins in human milk from World Health Organization (WHO) milk surveys, 1992– 2012
- Figure-L2 25 : Concentrations of the six indicator PCBs (sum of PCB 28, 52, 101, 138 , 153 and 180) in human breast milk analysed as part of WHO milk surveys, 2000–2003
- Figure-L2 26 : Municipal solid waste recycling, including composting and bio-digestion, Western, Central and South Eastern Europe, 2004 and 2012, per cent
- Figure-L2 27 : Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) put on the EU market and WEEE collected and treated, 2007–2012
- Figure-L2 32 : Lost time injury rates (LTIR) for chemical company employees, European countries. LTIR is reported as the number of accidents resulting in one or more days out of work per million hours worked
- Figure-L2 33 : Trends in water temperature of large European rivers and lakes
- Figure-L2 39 : EEA-32 and Western Balkans, total fish catch, aquaculture production, fish consumption, fish imports, and fish exports, 1993–2012, in ‘000 tonnes - View on Environment Live
- Figure-L2 42 : Regional seas, phosphorous (left) and nitrogen (right) loads, 1985–2005
- Figure-L2 46 : Trends of harvested land under various major cereal crops - View on Environment Live
- Figure-L2 50 : Brain activity measured by EEG whilst moving through an urban space with green space and an urban space without green space .
- Figure-L2 51 : Concentrations of cortisol.
- Figure-L2 52 : Participation in MEAs
- Figure-L2 53 : Material intensity comparisons in Western and Central Europe and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, 1970–2010. - View on Environment Live
- Figure-L2 54 : Intra-regional differences in material footprint in selected EU countries, 1990–2010. - View on Environment Live
- Figure-L2 6 : Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to environmental noise exposure in the region. Most of these DALYs can be attributed to noise-induced sleep disturbance and annoyance
- Table 1 : Health co-benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation by housing sector
- Table 1.1.1 : Regional priorities and themes in relation to the SDGs
- Table 1.2.1 : US land-cover change in grasslands and shrublands by owner category, 2001–2011
- Table 1.2.2 : US land cover percentages†
- Table 10 : Energy Content of Wastewater
- Table 11 : US, renewable energy resource potential
- Table 2 : Health co-benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation by transport sector
- Table 2.4.1 : Relative annual weighted change of the global IUCN Red List Index for mammals, birds and amphibians across the pan-European region and sub-regions.
- Table 2.4.2 : Total numbers of species and of threatened species occurring in the pan-European region .
- Table 2.5.1 : Obsolete pesticide stockpiles..
- Table 3 : Health care sector - mitigation strategies applicable to the health care sector
- Table 4 : Selected key policies that result in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs)
- Table 5 : Air Quality Standards in the EU
- Table 6 : Air Quality Standards in the EU (cont.)
- Table 7 : Net annual increment and felling by region, 2010
- Table 8 : Status of implementation of GHS
- Table 9 : Summary of adverse effects of the marine litter by compartment of the marine environment and type of impacts
- : Major wetland ecosystem services prioritized in assessments on ecosystem services in LAC
- : The Global Biodiversity Informatics Outlook (GBIO) Framework
- Figure 1.2.1 : Factors affecting increasing prevalence of harmful algal blooms in freshwater
- Figure 2.1.1 : Energy matrix in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2013 (all figures in kBOE/day).
- Figure 2.2.4 : Hydropower lights up the Tropical Andes.
- Figure 3.2.1 : The pillars of food security, which must operate in parallel and in synergy to alleviate and respond to food security in Latin America and the Caribbean.
- Figure 3.2.2 : A conceptual framework of ocean governance.
- Figure 4.4.9 : The food-energy-water nexus interlinkages among SDG targets.
- Figure 4.5.1 : Environmental sustainability for SDGs.
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- : Light pollution, urban population growth and biodiversity hotspots in Latin America and the Caribbean.
- : Intactness of the species richness assemblage in the LAC region
- : South America´s spatial distribution of fire pixels in 2015
- : Latin America Passive Atmospheric Sampling Network
- : South America, arithmetic mean radon level in SA (Becquerel per cubic metre) year 2007
- : Location and main tributaries of the Madre de Dios river, between Peru, Bolivia and Brazil
- : Water quality at selected beaches in Mexican touristic destinations
- : St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- : Change in ecosystem function provision and change in biodiversity importance between 2015 and 2050
- : Projected total forest in Brazil (mature + regrowth) for 2030
- Figure 2.1.2 : On 23 August 2010 Brazilian INPE´s fire system (INPE 2015a) using NASA-AQUA MODIS imagery observed a plume of smoke covering several million square kilometres flowing southwards from Amazonia and advecting into the South Atlantic Ocean in the extreme sou
- Figure 2.2.1 : Latin America and the Caribbean, arid and humid areas.
- Figure 2.2.11 : Water stressed areas and shale gas basins in Latin America and the Caribbean.
- Figure 2.2.13 : Latin America and the Caribbean, meteorological stations.
- Figure 2.2.2 : Annual freshwater withdrawal in the region as percentage of total renewable water.
- Figure 2.2.3 : Net virtual water import (red) and export (green) of Latin America and the Caribbean in relation to the rest of the world (109 m3/year) in the period 1996 - 2005. Only the biggest gross virtual water flows (>109 m3/year) are shown.
- Figure 2.2.8 : Relative risk of wastewater pollution (left) and nutrient pollution (right) in transboundary river basins of LAC.
- Figure 2.2.9 : Observed (left) and expected (right) impacts linked to climate change in Latin America.
- Figure 2.3.1 : Population density in Latin America and the Caribbean.
- Figure 2.3.2 : Shipping routes in the Caribbean.
- Figure 2.3.3 : Marine water quality measured in different points of the Colombian and Panamanian coasts.
- Figure 2.3.4 : Concentrations of plastic debris in surface waters of LAC. Coloured circles indicate mass concentrations. Gray areas indicate predicted accumulation zones.
- Figure 2.4.1 : Terrestrial Biomes of Latin America and the Caribbean region.
- Figure 2.4.10 : Change in the area of double crops and total crops, 2000/01–2010/11.
- Figure 2.4.11 : Schematic representation of the fragmentation process. (A) Grey represents the original land cover; white represents anthropogenic or new land cover. B-E Landscape cover type in 2002–2004 (B) Flooding Pampa, (C) Northern Campos, (D) Mesopotamic Pampa,
- Figure 2.4.7 : Deforestation and reforestation hotspots, 2001–2010.
- Figure 2.4.9 : Phyto-geographical sub-units of the Río de la Plata grasslands and Patagonian steppes with their phyto-geographical subunits.
- Figure 2.5.15 : Protected Areas in LAC, 2015. - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.5.16 : Ramsar sites in LAC (2015).
- Figure 2.5.17 : Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (2015)
- Figure 2.5.18 : Areas of Payment for Ecosystem Services Programmes in Mexico, 2004-2009.
- Figure 2.5.3 : Existing, under construction, and planned dams in LAC.
- Figure 2.5.4 : Distribution of the average percentages of species that could lose their current geographic range in 2050 under five climate change scenarios.
- Figure 2.5.7 : Coral reefs classified by integrated local threats (2014).
- Figure 4.4.10 : Future fields of oil and gas.
- Figure 4.4.8 : Future Agriculture Suitability 2011-2040.
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- : Six out of the eleven major global producers of coffee are countries from LAC. Data 2014-2015 (Millions of 60 kilogram bags)
- : Latin America and the Caribbean, metal reserves as a percentage of world reserves, 2000–2012
- : Chile: Native forest substitution by plantations
- Figure 1.2.2 : Assessment of progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets based on information in the fifth national reports for Latin America and the Caribbean countries
- Figure 1.3.1 : Exports of goods and services (per cent of GDP).
- Figure 1.3.2 : Remittance as percentage of gross national income (GNI) in Latin America and the Caribbean.
- Figure 1.3.3 : FDI inflows as percentage of gross national income (GNI) in Latin America and the Caribbean.
- Figure 1.3.4 : Proportion of urban population living in slums at midyear by country (1990-2009).
- Figure 2.1.10 : Total CO2 emissions (2011) per economic area in LAC according to GDP and population.
- Figure 2.1.11 : LAC. Carbon dioxide emissions from forest fires and decay of biomass after burning (left axis) and their relative share of global total carbon dioxide emissions (right axis). - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.1.3 : Annual average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 (?g m-3) in selected cities in Latin America and the Caribbean (2011). The vertical lines represent respectively WHO, US-EPA, and EU quality standards for PM defined as the annual average of maximum amount - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.1.4 : Annual average ozone concentration in selected cities in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2011.
- Figure 2.1.5 : Annual average ozone concentration and maximum eight hour average concentration (gray bar) in three major cities in Latin America in 2011. The horizontal red line represents the WHO standard for ozone exposure (eight-hour average).
- Figure 2.1.6 : N2O emissions from soil emissions and agriculture (gigagrams) in LAC. Refer to the main text for the N2O processes each of these sources represents.
- Figure 2.1.7 : LAC methane (CH4) emissions from rice cultivation (left axis) and their relative share of global total methane emissions from the same source (right axis).
- Figure 2.1.8 : LAC CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in cattle (left axis) and their relative share of global total methane emissions from the same source (right axis).
- Figure 2.1.9 : Total emissions of carbon dioxide in 2006 and 2011 (kilo tonnes per year) in LAC subregions. - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.2.10 : Domestic Food Price Index (FPI) for Latin America and the Caribbean.
- Figure 2.2.12 : Improved drinking water coverage in Latin America and the Caribbean and sub-regions (percentage).
- Figure 2.2.5 : Number of hydro-meteorological events and related affected people in Latin America and the Caribbean (1970-2010).
- Figure 2.4.12 : Severity of soil degradation, 1990.
- Figure 2.4.13 : Land degradation classes and status of ecosystem services, 2006–2010.
- Figure 2.4.14 : Millions of hectares of forests certified by FSC by sub-region in LAC, 2003–2011.
- Figure 2.4.2 : Soybean harvested area (km2) in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Brazil (2005-2013).
- Figure 2.4.3 : Trends in forest and agricultural area in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2000-2012.
- Figure 2.4.4 : Urban population (% of total population) and urban area (per cent of LAC).
- Figure 2.4.5 : Forest cover types.
- Figure 2.4.6 : Average annual change in forest extent, 2000–2015 (thousands of hectares per year).
- Figure 2.4.8 : Extent of forest plantation (’000 hectares) 1990–2015.
- Figure 2.5.11 : Funding for treatment and prevention of malaria in Latin America and the Caribbean (USD Million) period 2000-2012.
- Figure 2.5.13 : Number of fire pixels in 2015 in South America as detected by NASA MODIS-AQUA satellite.
- Figure 2.5.14 : Protected areas in LAC per sub-region, 2015. - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.5.2 : Changes in population living in coastal cities near bays, deltas or estuaries, mangroves and coral reefs in LAC, 1945-2014.
- Figure 2.5.5 : Deforestation rates in Brazilian Amazon, 1988-2015.
- Figure 2.5.6 : Primary forests in five mega-diverse countries in LAC.
- Figure 2.5.8 : Neotropical Living Planet Index 1970-2010. Dashed lines represent confidence limits.
- Figure 2.5.9 : LAC´s threatened species after IUCN, 2015.
- Figure 4.4.1 : GDP per person growth in the three scenarios.
- Figure 4.4.11 : Military expenditure in the three scenarios.
- Figure 4.4.12 : LAC education pyramid.
- Figure 4.4.2 : Population living on less than USD 1.25 in the three scenarios.
- Figure 4.4.3 : Population growth in the three scenarios.
- Figure 4.4.4 : Population with access to improved sanitation in the three scenarios. - View on Environment Live
- Figure 4.4.5 : Fish landings in FAO zones 31, 41, 77, and 87 in the three outlooks (historic data 1990-2014).
- Figure 4.4.6 : Fish Depletion Index for LAC FAO regions in the three outlooks.
- Figure 4.4.7 : Carbon dioxide emissions in LAC in the three scenarios (1990-2014). - View on Environment Live
Download all Latin America and the Caribbean assessment charts
- 2. Types of goods and services exported by Latin America and the Caribbean (2010 and 2014)
- 51. GEO-LAC Scenarios in the Context of the SDGs
- Selected commodities exported by Latin America and the Caribbean expressed as percentage of merchandise exports (2010 and 2014)
- Major regional platforms for collaboration on environment and sustainable development
- Major development banks in Latin America and the Caribbean
- Total emissions of carbon dioxide in 2006 and 2011 (kilo tonnes per year) in LAC countries
- Latin America and the Caribbean, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
- Installed hydropower capacity in gigawatt (GW) in 2014
- Latin America and the Caribbean, number and use of operational dams and reservoirs
- Embedding the water-energy-food nexus within the SDGs
- Key uncertainties considered for the three proposed scenarios for LAC
- Table 1.3.1 : Summary of water withdrawals and consumption across all major sectors in the US in 2005
- Table 1.3.2 : Key features of GHG reduction policy instruments in some Canadian provinces
- Table 1.3.3 : Examples of ecosystem service-related activities in federal agencies, US
- Table 1.3.4 : Canada and the US, summary of forest fires - View on Environment Live
- Table 2.1.1 : Annual mean concentration of particulate matter of less than 10 microns of diameter (PM10) [?g m-3] and of less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) in major cities in LAC countries. - View on Environment Live
- Table 2.2.1 : Annual water withdrawals by sector in Latin America and the Caribbean.
- Table 2.2.2 : Urbanization and land use planning for water provision in medium-size cities.
- Table 2.2.3 : Impacts of inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in 2012.
- Table 2.2.4 : Referential list of policies, programmes and plans on progress towards integrated water resources management in Latin America and the Caribbean.
- Table 2.4.1 : Main crops, area harvested (km2).
- Table 2.4.2 : Forest cover by sub-region.
- Table 2.4.3 : Forest area in Latin America and the Caribbean by sub-region. Period 1990-2015 (km2)
- Table 2.4.4 : Area cultivated (km2) with winter, summer and double crops in 2000 and in 2010. 0
- Table 2.4.5 : Evidence of land degradation, selected countries.
- Table 2.5.1 : LAC´s population (´000) living in coastal cities (within 100 kilometres of the shore) with more than 100 000 inhabitants, 1945-2014.
- Table 4.2.1 : Basic background for the outlooks.
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- Box 2.4.1 : Land reclamation in Bahrain
- Figure 1.2.10 : Pathways of pharmaceuticals in the environment
- Figure 1.2.8 : Physical and economic water scarcity, 2012
- Figure 2.4.1 : Ecological habitat map of the Arabian Peninsula
- Figure 2.4.2 : Ecosystem threat in the Arabian Peninsula
- Figure 2.4.4 : Geographical distribution of Salsola vermiculata (above) and Haloxylon salicornicum (below) in the Syrian Badia under the present climate and the HADCM3 global circulation model for 2020 and 2050.
- Figure 2.5.1 : Global population density and concentrations of particulate matter
- Figure 2.5.5 : Global status of leaded gasoline phase-out, January 2015
- Figure 2.6.1 : Mean annual rainfall, temperature and annual minimum temperature for the Arabian Peninsula, 1979–2009. The lowest mean annual rainfall (< 80 mm) occurred over Rub Al-Khali and the sand desert area to the west of the Arabian Peninsula. The wettest region
- Figure 2.6.3 : West Asia – temperature (ºC), medium (top) and high (bottom) climate change scenarios for 2081–2100, showing additional ºC compared to observed temperatures, 1986–2005
- Figure 2.6.4 : West Asia – temperature (35 ºC), medium (top) and high (bottom) climate change scenarios for 2081–2100, showing annual additional number of days above 35 ºC, compared to observed numbers in 1986–2005
- Figure 2.6.5 : West Asia – precipitation, medium (top) and high (bottom) climate change scenarios for 2081–2100, showing changes in precipitation compared to observed amounts in 1986–2005
- Figure 2.6.6 : Overview of the coastal areas of the Arab region most vulnerable to sea level rise
- : West Asia, estimated annual costs of integrated management technology options
- : West Asia, municipal solid waste emission reduction scenarios under a range of technological options, 2015
- Figure 1.1.1 : West Asia, population growth and growth rates by country, 2013
- Figure 1.1.2 : West Asia, gross domestic product, by country, current USD Billion 1961-2014
- Figure 1.1.3 : West Asia, gross domestic product per person, per year, USD, 2015
- Figure 1.2.11 : Arctic amplifying feedbacks
- Figure 1.2.3 : West Asia, per person share of renewable water resources, 1980–2050
- Figure 1.2.4 : West Asia, population trends by country, 1961–2014
- Figure 1.2.5 : West Asia, total internal annual renewable water resources per person (cubic meters), 2014.
- Figure 1.2.6 : West Asia, energy use per person by country, 1971–2011
- Figure 1.2.9 : West Asia, refugee waste generation, 2015
- Figure 1.4.1 : West Asia, deaths attributed to different types of air pollution, 2013
- Figure 2.1.1 : West Asia renewable water resources as percentages of blue and green water
- Figure 2.1.10 : West Asia sector share of blue water withdrawals, by country (2000 and 2012)
- Figure 2.1.11 : West Asia total available water resources and renewable water resources, by country
- Figure 2.1.12 : West Asia non-conventional annual water resources
- Figure 2.1.13 : West Asia annual desalinated water production, by country, million cubic metres
- Figure 2.1.14 : West Asia reused treated industrial and municipal wastewater, by country, million cubic metres
- Figure 2.1.2 : West Asia annual internal renewable blue surface water and groundwater, by country
- Figure 2.1.3 : West Asia total annual external renewable blue water resources, by country
- Figure 2.1.4 : West Asia total renewable water resources per person, by country
- Figure 2.1.5 : West Asia water supply coverage, by country
- Figure 2.1.6 : West Asia sanitation coverage, by country - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.1.7 : West Asia total renewable blue water resources, by country (2000 and 2012)
- Figure 2.1.8 : West Asia blue water withdrawals, by sector (2000 and 2012)
- Figure 2.1.9 : West Asia flood events, by country (1989–2000, 2000–2011)
- Figure 2.2.1 : Average annual population growth rates, by country in West Asia, per cent, 2010–2015
- Figure 2.3.1 : GCC countries, landed fish catches 1986–2007
- Figure 2.3.2 : The impact of sea-level rise on selected coastal land areas in West Asia
- Figure 2.4.3 : West Asia’s threatened species, by category
- Figure 2.4.5 : West Asia invasive species by country, 1999
- Figure 2.5.2 : Global emissions of (a) sulphur dioxide and (b) nitrogen oxides by region, 1979–2000 - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.5.3 : West Asia sulphur dioxide emissions, million tonnes, 1970–2008 - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.5.4 : West Asia nitrogen dioxide emissions, million tonnes, 1970–2008
- Figure 2.6.2 : Saudi Arabia, time sequences for observed maximum, mean and minimum temperatures, 1978–2009
- Figure 2.6.7 : West Asia, total carbon dioxide emissions, ’000 tonnes, 1961–2011 - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.6.8 : West Asia, carbon dioxide emissions per person (tonnes) by country, 2011 - View on Environment Live
- Figure 2.6.9 : West Asia, energy use per person by country, kilograms of oil equivalent, 1971–2011
- Figure 2.7.1 : West Asia, municipal solid waste generation, tonnes, latest year
- Figure 2.7.2 : West Asia, composition of municipal solid waste, per cent, latest year
- Figure 2.7.3 : West Asia, wastewater treatment rates, 2014
- Figure 3.2.1 : West Asia, population growth, 1950–2050
- Figure 3.3.1 : The world’s largest oil producers, million barrels per day, 1984–2014
- Box 2.4.2 : West Asia, parties to biodiversity-related conventions
- Box 2.5.1 : West Asia deaths attributable to ambient air pollution, 2004 and 2008
- Box 2.7.1 : West Asia, municipal solid waste collection coverage
- Box 2.7.2 : West Asia, estimated dry solids in residual municipal solid waste
- Table 1.2.1 : West Asia, water stress, 1995–2010
- Table 1.2.2 : West Asia, water stress, 1995–2010
- Table 1.2.3 : West Asia shared surface water basins
- Table 1.2.4 : West Asia, shared groundwater aquifer systems
- Table 1.2.5 : West Asia, emission reduction potential for shortlisted mitigation technologies
- Table 1.4.1 : West Asia, burden of disease of environmental risk factors, 2004 and 2013 (estimated)
- Table 1.4.3 :
- Table 1.4.4 :
- Table 2.1 : Summary of pressures and policy responses extracted from West Asia regional assessment using DPSIR
- Table 3.2.2 : Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity in West Asian countries in 1961 and 2008
- Table 3.5.1 : Sustainable Development Goal targets particularly relevant to the West Asia region
- Table 3.6.1 : The Oryx Scenario matrix